Cyberbullying - ADRhub - Creighton NCR2024-03-29T13:28:13Zhttp://www.adrhub.com/forum/topics/cyberbullying?commentId=4905899%3AComment%3A44532&xg_source=msg_com_forum&feed=yes&xn_auth=noPLEASE NOTE: It is requested…tag:www.adrhub.com,2012-11-29:4905899:Comment:451052012-11-29T15:45:41.234ZBryan Hansonhttp://www.adrhub.com/profile/BryanHanson
<p><span class="font-size-5"><strong>PLEASE NOTE:</strong> It is requested that personal identifying details of actual cases are not shared and that anyone who believes that they have or are experiencing cyberbullying seek assistance from those whom they trust since this forum cannot serve as a source for handling such cases.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-5"><strong>PLEASE NOTE:</strong> It is requested that personal identifying details of actual cases are not shared and that anyone who believes that they have or are experiencing cyberbullying seek assistance from those whom they trust since this forum cannot serve as a source for handling such cases.</span></p> My how much this discussion h…tag:www.adrhub.com,2012-11-03:4905899:Comment:444682012-11-03T03:19:50.503Zwxyhttp://www.adrhub.com/profile/EthanMcNiff
My how much this discussion has covered, its hard to remember all the excellent points I have come across. That being said I will way in on what I can and I apologize if I repeat something that anyone has already covered. I didn't know very much about cyber-bullying coming into this discussion but it seems like something that is not well understood and can be more devastating than people give it credit for.<br />
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I was talking not to long ago with a friend of mine and we got into an argument about…
My how much this discussion has covered, its hard to remember all the excellent points I have come across. That being said I will way in on what I can and I apologize if I repeat something that anyone has already covered. I didn't know very much about cyber-bullying coming into this discussion but it seems like something that is not well understood and can be more devastating than people give it credit for.<br />
<br />
I was talking not to long ago with a friend of mine and we got into an argument about which type of bullying is worse; cyber-bullying or physical bullying. While I have no problem with anyone making the argument that real bullying is worse, it was the dismissive attitude of my friend that was quite concerning. He believed that cyber bullying was easy to stop, you just need to turn your computer off. While that may seem simple, it is much more complex than that. Both my friend and I are not big advocates of social media or other online socialization but much of America is into it. As a child or an adolescent an online social life is almost necessary to fit in. Thus cyber-bullying is not so easy to escape. In order to escape you need to cut away a decent part of your social life. While it is possible to not have an online social life it is becoming more difficult to do so. Not enjoying time online with your peers is far to heavy cost to pay for escaping cyber-bullying. And to make matters worse, turning off your computer really doesn't help you escape it. Cyber-bullying can be permanent because of how difficult it is to truly delete anything online. While you may not see it, you know it is still there and that others will see it. This knowledge can eat away at a person's mind and really damage him or her emotionally. So cyber-bullying can carry over into real life because of how much people communicate online currently. In this sense cyber-bullying is much harder to avoid then real life physical bullying. It is easier to avoid a few real people than the entire internet. In addition it is easier to counter act real life bullying. A person can stand up to real bullies or enlist help in dealing with them. Cyber bullying does not have such a solution. You cannot stand up for yourself over the internet because of the anonymity. All you can do is be a bully as well (to those that bully you online) and that does not solve anything, it simply continues a cycle of hatred. While I can respect an argument for either type being worse, it is the lack of acknowledgment of the legitimacy of cyber-bullying that worries me.<br />
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I am concerned that my friend's attitude is not an outlier among the general populous. While I know that cyber-bullying is getting a lot more attention than it ever has, I still am not sure if people really understand how much of an effect it can have. Even if the internet does allow people to say nearly anything anonymously (if they choose to be anonymous) that does not mean that people (especially young people) will not be effected by derogatory messages made about them. At this point I wish more of what I heard about cyber-bullying was not what it is but how it effects people and what it causes people to feel. Thank you Leah and all contri…tag:www.adrhub.com,2012-11-03:4905899:Comment:446022012-11-03T02:57:34.206ZCameron Wolfhttp://www.adrhub.com/profile/CameronWolf
<p>Thank you Leah and all contributors for an amazing, eye opening week! </p>
<p>Thank you Leah and all contributors for an amazing, eye opening week! </p> Dear all,
Thanks for the insi…tag:www.adrhub.com,2012-11-03:4905899:Comment:444672012-11-03T02:54:25.626ZLeah Winghttp://www.adrhub.com/profile/LeahWing
<p>Dear all,</p>
<p>Thanks for the insightful and engaging contributions shared all week in this discussion forum. Hopefully, the ideas exchanged here will spark further research and tool development to prevent and respond to Cyberbullying. Your creativity and dedication are needed on this important topic.</p>
<p>Join us for the the 12th International Online Dispute Resolution Forum--information will be posted at <a href="http://odr.info" target="_blank">http://odr.info</a> and for Cyberweek…</p>
<p>Dear all,</p>
<p>Thanks for the insightful and engaging contributions shared all week in this discussion forum. Hopefully, the ideas exchanged here will spark further research and tool development to prevent and respond to Cyberbullying. Your creativity and dedication are needed on this important topic.</p>
<p>Join us for the the 12th International Online Dispute Resolution Forum--information will be posted at <a href="http://odr.info" target="_blank">http://odr.info</a> and for Cyberweek 2013!</p>
<p><br/>Sincerely,</p>
<p>Leah</p> Thanks Angeramis! Angeramis…tag:www.adrhub.com,2012-11-03:4905899:Comment:446012012-11-03T02:46:29.716ZLeah Winghttp://www.adrhub.com/profile/LeahWing
<p>Thanks Angeramis!<br></br> <br></br> <cite>Angeramis Tejeda said:</cite></p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.adrhub.com/forum/topics/cyberbullying?commentId=4905899%3AComment%3A44532&xg_source=msg_com_forum#4905899Comment44466"><div><div class="xg_user_generated">Some more resources include:<br></br> <br></br> <br></br> <a href="http://www.childnet.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.childnet.com</a> or <a href="http://www.digizen.org" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.digizen.org</a>.…<br></br></div>
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<p>Thanks Angeramis!<br/> <br/> <cite>Angeramis Tejeda said:</cite></p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.adrhub.com/forum/topics/cyberbullying?commentId=4905899%3AComment%3A44532&xg_source=msg_com_forum#4905899Comment44466"><div><div class="xg_user_generated">Some more resources include:<br/> <br/> <br/> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.childnet.com" target="_blank">http://www.childnet.com</a> or <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.digizen.org" target="_blank">http://www.digizen.org</a>.<br/> Childnet International has some wonderful resources for kids, parents and teachers that focus on cyberbullying.<br/> <br/> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://regainyourname.com" target="_blank">http://regainyourname.com</a><br/> This site is dedicated to helping CB victims deal with this huge problem of defamation, and cyberstalking on the internet. Information about how to manage social networking cites and reporting abuse is indicated with the site as well as offering free email advice about how to deal with CB related issues.</div>
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</blockquote> Some more resources include:…tag:www.adrhub.com,2012-11-03:4905899:Comment:444662012-11-03T02:21:07.946ZAngeramis Tejedahttp://www.adrhub.com/profile/AngeramisTejeda
Some more resources include:<br />
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<a href="http://www.childnet.com" target="_blank">http://www.childnet.com</a> or <a href="http://www.digizen.org" target="_blank">http://www.digizen.org</a>.<br />
Childnet International has some wonderful resources for kids, parents and teachers that focus on cyberbullying.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://regainyourname.com" target="_blank">http://regainyourname.com</a><br />
This site is dedicated to helping CB victims deal with this huge problem of defamation, and cyberstalking on the…
Some more resources include:<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.childnet.com" target="_blank">http://www.childnet.com</a> or <a href="http://www.digizen.org" target="_blank">http://www.digizen.org</a>.<br />
Childnet International has some wonderful resources for kids, parents and teachers that focus on cyberbullying.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://regainyourname.com" target="_blank">http://regainyourname.com</a><br />
This site is dedicated to helping CB victims deal with this huge problem of defamation, and cyberstalking on the internet. Information about how to manage social networking cites and reporting abuse is indicated with the site as well as offering free email advice about how to deal with CB related issues. Thank you so much for this Le…tag:www.adrhub.com,2012-11-03:4905899:Comment:445322012-11-03T02:11:19.405ZAngeramis Tejedahttp://www.adrhub.com/profile/AngeramisTejeda
Thank you so much for this Leah, Just to add on to your list of resources, I just found this cite which is the firstis the nation’s first and only anonymous online and text based reporting and emergency notification service for schools.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://talk.schoolmessenger.com" target="_blank">http://talk.schoolmessenger.com</a>
Thank you so much for this Leah, Just to add on to your list of resources, I just found this cite which is the firstis the nation’s first and only anonymous online and text based reporting and emergency notification service for schools.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://talk.schoolmessenger.com" target="_blank">http://talk.schoolmessenger.com</a> I agree with Ashley's suggest…tag:www.adrhub.com,2012-11-03:4905899:Comment:442952012-11-03T00:31:42.153ZSalem Gebrezgihttp://www.adrhub.com/profile/SalemGebrezgi
<p>I agree with Ashley's suggestion of placing different Ads or Apps on social media pages warning others about the "dangers and effects of cyber-bullying." This way if people are ignorant to cyber bullying at least this will expose them to it and may prevent them from doing harmful things to others. Also I feel that it would be extremely vital and helpful for students to hear from other students who have been bullied. Personally, it is my belief that people will not be able to understand or…</p>
<p>I agree with Ashley's suggestion of placing different Ads or Apps on social media pages warning others about the "dangers and effects of cyber-bullying." This way if people are ignorant to cyber bullying at least this will expose them to it and may prevent them from doing harmful things to others. Also I feel that it would be extremely vital and helpful for students to hear from other students who have been bullied. Personally, it is my belief that people will not be able to understand or connect with you unless they can relate to you. If students were to have other students speaking to them then about their bullying experiences, then they will probably be more likely to listen. <br/> <br/> <cite>Ashley Berger said:</cite></p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.adrhub.com/forum/topics/cyberbullying?xg_source=msg_com_forum&id=4905899%3ATopic%3A42430&page=7#4905899Comment44180"><div><div class="xg_user_generated"><p>After reading Leah's two questions, I agree that other venues need to be put in place for prevention of cyber-bullying. I think that things like Apps and even maybe Ads on the side of social media pages describing the dangers and effects of cyber-bullying would be useful as an almost subliminal means to creatively convey the anti cyber-bullying message. I also think that by involving students to share experiences and function as student guest lecturers in elementary and middle schools could have a profound effect on the prevention. I also believe that students as well as parents and faculty should be educated in doing interactive skits where they can play many different roles and feel what it feels like to be in everyone else's shoes. It would also be helpful for others to view this from a third person perspective so they can see examples of what it really means to bully or be bullied. <br/> <br/> <cite>Maire Callanan said:</cite></p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.adrhub.com/forum/topics/cyberbullying?id=4905899%3ATopic%3A42430&page=6#4905899Comment43897"><div><div class="xg_user_generated"><p>I think there should be gatekeeping mechanisms put in place to structurally determine education as one important strategy for preventing cyberbullying. Once people are educated about the causes and effects of cyberbullying, there will be a greater and more consistent cry for reform by people of all ages. Ultimately, gatekeeping mechanisms, such as legislation, will be created as a result of public pressure.</p>
<p>However, although I believe that education and legislation are necessary to combat this problem, I'm also concerned about the effects of these gatekeeping mechanisms. It should be emphasized that education is only one strategy for preventing cyberbullying. By referencing the shield the first amendment provides, it is apparent that legislation often prohibits innovation. Unfortunately, cyberbullying is an issue that will never go away. Technology is changing everyday and elementary school children can have unlimited access to social media and the internet by simply being on their phones. Because technology is changing so quickly, legislation and gatekeeping mechanisms should evolve as quickly as technology. I'm worried that if mechanisms are put in place, it will leave out a lot of other venues where people can cyberbullying, such as iPhone apps, and will ultimately have little effect on the goal we are trying to achieve. Furthermore, I'm concerned about the large role of school administration in preventing cyberbullying and holding individuals responsible. In a number of suicides caused by cyberbullying, the media reports that the victim and his or her family contacted administration a number of times about the bullying the child received. In these cases, administration either did nothing, did not enforce punishments on the bullies or did not act appropriately to make sure the victim was not continually bullied. In the end, I think that the first step is definitely education. However, before mechanisms are put in place to prevent cyberbullying, there must be research about the potential problems that these mechanisms can cause. </p>
<p></p>
<p><cite>Leah Wing said:</cite></p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.adrhub.com/forum/topics/cyberbullying?xg_source=msg_com_forum&id=4905899%3ATopic%3A42430&page=5#4905899Comment43945"><div><div class="xg_user_generated"><p>There have been quite a number of calls for educating parents and children (especially beginning at an early age) as one important strategy for preventing cyberbullying. Are there gatekeeping mechanisms that ought to be put in place (and if so where?) for helping to structurally determine that this happens? For example, should teacher education and principal certification programs within Schools of Education require exposure to curriculum on cyber/bullying? Are there other public policies that can be put in place that require schools to have policies about teacher and parent training on cyer/bullying in order to receive public funds? What other gatekeeping mechanisms might help and what are some concerns you have about having such mechanisms?</p>
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N.B. …tag:www.adrhub.com,2012-11-03:4905899:Comment:443532012-11-03T00:18:45.043ZLeah Winghttp://www.adrhub.com/profile/LeahWing
<p><b><u>Cyberbullying Resources</u></b></p>
<p><i>N.B. This is a compilation of all sites that people have shared during this week’s forum discussion on Cyberbullying. I thought it might be helpful to have them all in one place. Feel free to add to the list and thanks to all who have researched and shared these useful links!<br></br></i></p>
<p></p>
<p>Cyberbullying in the workplace research article:…</p>
<p></p>
<p><b><u>Cyberbullying Resources</u></b></p>
<p><i>N.B. This is a compilation of all sites that people have shared during this week’s forum discussion on Cyberbullying. I thought it might be helpful to have them all in one place. Feel free to add to the list and thanks to all who have researched and shared these useful links!<br/></i></p>
<p></p>
<p>Cyberbullying in the workplace research article:</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://eprints.qut.edu.au/26670/3/26670.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.qut.edu.au/26670/3/26670.pdf</a></p>
<p></p>
<p>Crimes Against Children Research Center, U. of New Hampshire:</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/cyberbullying.html">http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/cyberbullying.html</a> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Working to Halt Online Abuse:</p>
<p>Re: parental controls on computers, cell phones and consoles: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.haltabusektd.org/resources/index.html">http://www.haltabusektd.org/resources/index.html</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>UNICEF:</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asTti6y39xI" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asTti6y39xI</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://stopbullying.gov">http://stopbullying.gov</a> (USA):</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lN2fuKPDzHA" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lN2fuKPDzHA</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Scoop It! Cyberbullying Prevention:</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.scoop.it/t/cyberbullying-prevention">http://www.scoop.it/t/cyberbullying-prevention</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Not In Our Town:</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.niot.org/nios-video/students-take-cyberbullying" target="_blank">http://www.niot.org/nios-video/students-take-cyberbullying</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://onguardonline.gov">http://onguardonline.gov</a></p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.onguardonline.gov/articles/0028-cyberbullying" target="_blank">http://www.onguardonline.gov/articles/0028-cyberbullying</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://stopcyberbullying.org">http://stopcyberbullying.org</a></p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.niot.org/nios-video/students-take-cyberbullying" target="_blank">http://www.niot.org/nios-video/students-take-cyberbullying</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.commonsensemedia.org/educators/lesson/cyberbullying-crossing-line-6-8">http://www.commonsensemedia.org/educators/lesson/cyberbullying-cros...</a></p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.commonsensemedia.org/educators/browse?type=csm_curriculum_lesson&unit">http://www.commonsensemedia.org/educators/browse?type=csm_curriculu...</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/internet/2012/07/what-online-harassment-looks" target="_blank">http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/internet/2012/07/what-online-hara...</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Office for Victims of Crime:</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://ovc.ncjrs.gov/ovcproviderforum/asp/Sub.asp" target="_blank">http://ovc.ncjrs.gov/ovcproviderforum/asp/Sub.asp</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (USA):</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.netsmartz.org/sexting" target="_blank">http://www.netsmartz.org/sexting</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Internet Protection, PCs N Dreams:</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pcsndreams.com/Pages/Sexting_Statistics.html">http://www.pcsndreams.com/Pages/Sexting_Statistics.html</a></p>
<p></p>
<p>Shaheen Sharif’s Define the Line: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://definetheline.ca/dtl/" target="_blank">http://definetheline.ca/dtl/</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Misdirections in dealing with bullying:</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stopbullying.gov/videos/2012/08/misdirections.html" target="_blank">http://www.stopbullying.gov/videos/2012/08/misdirections.html</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>free Cyberbullying prevention curriculum for middle school:</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://district.seattleschools.org/modules/cms/pages.phtml?pageid=216981" target="_blank">http://district.seattleschools.org/modules/cms/pages.phtml?pageid=2...</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>"The Most Wired Place on Earth" (some South Korean 2<sup>nd</sup> graders singing a netiquette song) <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/digitalnation/living-faster/where-are-we-headed/the-most-wired-place-on-earth.html?id=frol02c223eq806">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/digitalnation/living-faster...</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p><u>For info on gender and Cyberbullying see the following sites</u>:</p>
<p><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/TJOiHKztmYpM2MCYECZonYdAWJUNtFvF6dFVFgaZQyX7ddbcn64E0ijMVR2" target="_blank">http://api.ning.com:80/files/TJOiHKztmYpM2MCYECZonYdAWJUNtFvF6dFVFg...</a>*kM0UjuS1auZuJ3l39RbII9y04mK*-VVD0Zir/cyberbullying_gender_2010.jpg<br/> <br/> <a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2504468652?profile=original">http://api.ning.com:80/files/soWST4FNJORgPUFMFAOnWtB7Ya1IwyJ69rswPF...</a></p>
<p>_</p>
<p></p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.covenanteyes.com/2012/01/17/bullying-statistics-fast-facts-about-cyberbullying/">http://www.covenanteyes.com/2012/01/17/bullying-statistics-fast-fac...</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2504460323?profile=original">http://api.ning.com/files/WcOoSFD2DQ8s05ovOzqeilB6Dcj2amu-*C-wguovK...</a></p>
<p></p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://liesdamnedliesstatistics.com/2011/01/european-kids-use-the-internet-when-they-are-nine.html">http://liesdamnedliesstatistics.com/2011/01/european-kids-use-the-i...</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Research, resources & school & community presentations by Drs. Hinduja & Patchin:</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cyberbullying.us/presentations.php" target="_blank">http://www.cyberbullying.us/presentations.php</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Education & strategies (including videos) for combating & handling Cyberbullying:</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://projectbully.com/cyberbullying.html">http://projectbully.com/cyberbullying.html</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Resources, videos, strategies for teachers, young people, & parents on bullying (including Cyberbullying):</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.antibullying.net/staffinfo.htm">http://www.antibullying.net/staffinfo.htm</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Visual of path from reporting Cyberbullying to support:</p>
<p><a href="http://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2504460423?profile=original">http://api.ning.com/files/-YMJFOZfoexxrvrbZnPNWSdoJOUsC9hPU6ymwpXWa...</a></p>
<p></p>
<p>Bill Warters’ collection of interesting resources: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.scoop.it/t/cyberbullying-prevention">http://www.scoop.it/t/cyberbullying-prevention</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>A game that addresses social media practices more generally in schools: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.playbeseen.com">http://www.playbeseen.com</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Division of Adolescent Medicine at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital research on cyberagression: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20680425">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20680425#</a></p>
<p></p> Thanks Bill, this is great st…tag:www.adrhub.com,2012-11-03:4905899:Comment:443522012-11-03T00:05:33.889ZLeah Winghttp://www.adrhub.com/profile/LeahWing
<p>Thanks Bill, this is great stuff!</p>
<p>Leah<br></br> <br></br> <cite>Bill Warters said:</cite></p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.adrhub.com/forum/topics/cyberbullying?commentId=4905899%3AComment%3A44338&xg_source=msg_com_forum#4905899Comment44338"><div><div class="xg_user_generated"><p>My collection of interesting cyberbullying prevention resources can be <a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/cyberbullying-prevention" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">found here</a> in a scoopit collection I built for a…</p>
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<p>Thanks Bill, this is great stuff!</p>
<p>Leah<br/> <br/> <cite>Bill Warters said:</cite></p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.adrhub.com/forum/topics/cyberbullying?commentId=4905899%3AComment%3A44338&xg_source=msg_com_forum#4905899Comment44338"><div><div class="xg_user_generated"><p>My collection of interesting cyberbullying prevention resources can be <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.scoop.it/t/cyberbullying-prevention" target="_blank">found here</a> in a scoopit collection I built for a workshop at the ACR Conference in New Orleans. If you look at the slides, there are various games and online initiative mentioned towards the end that are particularly relevant. One game that I think deserves a look addresses social media practices more generally in schools and it is called <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.playbeseen.com" target="_blank">BeSeen</a> from Carnegie Mellon University.</p>
<p></p>
<blockquote><p><em>Leah asked us to consider the following questions:</em></p>
<p><em><strong>1. What tools already are available which can be useful in preventing and responding to cyberbullying?</strong></em></p>
<p><em><strong>2. What are the types of tools that are still needed? Let's be creative and think outside the box!</strong></em></p>
<p><em><strong> </strong></em></p>
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<p><strong><em> </em></strong></p>
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